E cigarette taxation, pre pregnancy and pre natal smoking, and birth outcomes CEPR E cigarettes safer than nicotine patches for quitting smoking during pregnancy Smoking e cigarettes while pregnant could increase risk of birth defects, study suggests The Independent The Independent E cigarettes help pregnant smokers quit without risk to pregnancy Nursing in Practice Frontiers Publishing Partnerships Prenatal nicotine exposure during pregnancy results in adverse neurodevelopmental alterations and neurobehavioral deficits